Clustering as an integration pattern of business activity

The article deals with the analysis of business activity of companies and suggests the clustering as a key integration pattern of the central and peripheral region areas. Prerequisites of clustering formation and development are considered in the article. Moreover, the authors stressed that clustering increases the investment prospects of both the industry and the region.peer-reviewe

Using the samples of human biological materials in the criminal procedure: the practice of the European Court of Human Rights

The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the key points of the ECHR regarding the peculiarities of retention and use of human biological material samples in the investigation of crimes, and the retention of such materials after the completion of the investigation and trial.Метою даної роботи є виокремлення та аналіз ключових позицій ЄСПЛ щодо особливостей отримання та використання зразків біологічних матеріалів людини при розслідуванні злочинів, та зберігання таких матеріалів після завершення розслідування і судового розгляду.Целью данной работы является выделение и анализ ключевых позиций ЕСПЧ относительно особенностей получения и использования образцов биологических материалов человека при расследовании преступлений, и хранение таких материалов после завершения расследования и судебного рассмотрения

Violation of Labour Rights in the Context of Compulsory Vaccination Against Covid-19

The aim of the article is to conduct research on the issue of whether compulsory vaccination, enshrined in international and national legal acts, violates labour rights. The main research method was a comparison method, which helped to compare the experience of different countries in restricting labour rights in the context of compulsory vaccination against COVID-19. Moreover, the main characteristics of restrictions on labour rights during the COVID-19 period were highlighted using the method of system analysis. The evolution of compulsory vaccination was analysed using a historical-logical method. A formal legal method was applied to generalise, classify, and systematize research results, as well as to present these results. The current outbreak of COVID-19 has provoked trends in discriminatory behaviour in the workplace. Therefore, the restrictions on labour rights must comply with international human rights standards, which, however, largely reflect a position that does not support compulsory vaccination

Using the samples of human biological materials in the criminal procedure: the practice of the European Court of Human Rights

The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the key points of the ECHR regarding the peculiarities of retention and use of human biological material samples in the investigation of crimes, and the retention of such materials after the completion of the investigation and trial.Метою даної роботи є виокремлення та аналіз ключових позицій ЄСПЛ щодо особливостей отримання та використання зразків біологічних матеріалів людини при розслідуванні злочинів, та зберігання таких матеріалів після завершення розслідування і судового розгляду.Целью данной работы является выделение и анализ ключевых позиций ЕСПЧ относительно особенностей получения и использования образцов биологических материалов человека при расследовании преступлений, и хранение таких материалов после завершения расследования и судебного рассмотрения

The Burden of Criminal Procedural Proof

The urgency of the article stated in the article is due to the need to revise traditional scientific views on certain peculiarities of criminal procedural evidence in connection with the expansion of the adversarial nature of domestic criminal proceedings. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of the category ‘burden of proof’ and justify the necessity of introducing it into scientific and law enforcement circulation. The main approach to the study of this problem was to carry out a critical analysis of the norms of the current criminal procedural legislation that regulates the requirements regarding the burden of proof and the views expressed on their proper understanding and application. Актуальність проблематики, піднятої у статті, зумовлена необхідністю перегляду традиційних наукових поглядів на певні особливості кримінально-процесуальних доказів у зв'язку з розширенням змагальності національних кримінальних проваджень. Метою статті є визначення сутності категорії «тягар доказування» та обґрунтування необхідності введення її в науковий та правозастосовний обіг. Основним підходом до вивчення цієї проблеми було проведення критичного аналізу норм чинного кримінально-процесуального законодавства, що регулює вимоги щодо тягаря доказування та висловлених поглядів на їх належне розуміння та застосування

Стандарты обеспечения законности осуществления негласной деятельности в уголовном процессе: правовые позиции Европейского Суда по правам человека и компаративное исследование

The subject of research is the implementation of covert activities in criminal proceedings through the prism of international acts, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.The purpose of the work is to formulate common standards for ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process through the prism of legal positions of the European Court Of Human Rights.The methodological basis or research isthe totality of general and special scientific methods of scientific cognition. The formal-legal (legal-technical) method was used to study the rules of law, to analyze the features of legal technique; and the hermeneutical method revealed the legal content of the norms, legislative proposals and defects in legal regulation. The statistical method helped to generalize judicial practice of ECHR. While building up the system of the standards for the ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process we used the system-structural method.The main results and conclusions. The analysis of the legal positions of the ECHR made it possible to conditionally single out the following standards for ensuring the legality of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings:– predictability. Its essence lies in the fact that the grounds, procedural order, conditions, timing, the circle of persons and crimes in relation to which it is allowed to carry out covert activities should be as detailed, clear and accurate as possible in the criminal procedural legislation. Moreover, any person had the opportunity to familiarize himself with the relevant regulatory prescriptions and foresee the actions that can be carried out in relation to him;– warranty against abuse. The content of this standard can be disclosed by more detailed highlighting of clarifying provisions ("substandards"). These include: control of interference in human rights and freedoms; the certainty of the circle of persons in relation to whom it is possible to carry out secret activities; limited corpus delicti, for the purpose of investigation or prevention of which covert activity is allowed; the existence in national legislation of procedures that facilitate the law of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings; the temporary nature of the implementation of secret activities in the criminal process;– verifiability. The essence of this standard can be disclosed through the establishment of judicial control over the decision of the issue regarding the possible destruction of information obtained in the course of conducting covert activities, which is not relevant to criminal proceedings, as well as the requirement for the mandatory opening of decisions that were the basis for conducting covert investigative actions;– exclusivity. The main content of this standard is that covert activity in criminal proceedings can be carried out only in cases where the disclosure or prevention of a crime in another way is impossible or is too complicated;– proportionality of the intervention and its expediency. The essence of this standard is that the implementation of certain covert coercive actions that are associated with the restriction of human rights and freedoms must be proportionate to the goals for which such actions are directed. Moreover, these goals and the applied coercion must be necessary in a democratic society;– inadmissibility of tacit interference in the communication of some subjects. First of all, this requirement concerns the need to legislatively guarantee non-interference in communication between a lawyer and his client, a priest and an accused, etc., which means a ban on targeted control over the communication of certain subjects, as well as the obligation to destroy information obtained in the course of an accidental, situational interfering with their communication.Анализируются правовые позиции Европейского Суда по правам человека, касающиеся процессуального порядка проведения негласных следственных действий в уголовном процессе. Выделяются стандарты обеспечения их законности. С целью всестороннего раскрытия данной проблематики также используется компаративный подход к исследованию, который способствовал выяснению особенностей воплощения выделенных стандартов в законодательстве некоторых стран

The Burden of Criminal Procedural Proof

The urgency of the article stated in the article is due to the need to revise traditional scientific views on certain peculiarities of criminal procedural evidence in connection with the expansion of the adversarial nature of domestic criminal proceedings. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of the category ‘burden of proof’ and justify the necessity of introducing it into scientific and law enforcement circulation. The main approach to the study of this problem was to carry out a critical analysis of the norms of the current criminal procedural legislation that regulates the requirements regarding the burden of proof and the views expressed on their proper understanding and application. Актуальність проблематики, піднятої у статті, зумовлена необхідністю перегляду традиційних наукових поглядів на певні особливості кримінально-процесуальних доказів у зв'язку з розширенням змагальності національних кримінальних проваджень. Метою статті є визначення сутності категорії «тягар доказування» та обґрунтування необхідності введення її в науковий та правозастосовний обіг. Основним підходом до вивчення цієї проблеми було проведення критичного аналізу норм чинного кримінально-процесуального законодавства, що регулює вимоги щодо тягаря доказування та висловлених поглядів на їх належне розуміння та застосування

ВЫВЕДЕНИЕ ТОВАРА НА НОВЫЙ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ РЫНОК

Modern political and economic realities force domestic companies to make a revision of their foreign-trade policies. Many producers have to change geographic directions of their businesses or the export commodity structure. In this regard, solving export marketing problems becomes a matter of strategic importance and relevance. The paper describes the purpose and the main stages of the author‘s methodology for introduction of new products to a foreign market. The investigation was performed using the methods of marketing and economic analysis. It included the study of capacity, structure and concentration of the commodity market, the analysis of entry and exit barriers, the identification of market segments as well as the simulation using the matrix method of revenues and expenses with respect to new types of export products. The implementation of the methodology is shown in the case study of the industrial rubber product market in the CIS countries for the 2010-2014 period.Современные политико-экономические реалии заставляют отечественные предприятия проводить ревизию своей внешнеторговой политики. Многие продуценты вынуждены менять географические направления или товарную структуру своей экспортной деятельности. В связи с этим решение вопросов вывода нового товара на зарубежный рынок становится для них стратегически важным и актуальным.В статье раскрываются содержание и основные этапы авторской методики выпуска на внешний рынок новых видов продукции. Исследование проведено с использованием методов маркетингового и экономического анализа. Оно включает изучение емкости, структуры, концентрации товарного рынка, анализ барьеров входа и выхода, выделение рыночных сегментов и моделирование с использованием матричного метода доходов и затрат по новым видам экспортной продукции.Реализация методики показана на примере рынка резинотехнических изделий в странах СНГ за период 2010-2014 гг. В результате были выявлены перспективные направления экспорта в рамках стран СНГ и проведена оценка доходности по матрицам продуктов.Полученные в исследовании результаты могут найти применение в практической деятельности организаций для повышения результативности выведения товара на новый зарубежный рынок и достижения оптимальных экономических соотношений по экспортной торговой деятельности

Development of a vaccine adjuvant based on squalene and study of its adjuvant properties

The use of modern subunit vaccines involves adjuvant introduction into their composition. Currently, the search for new and improvement of existing adjuvant systems is actively underway. Squalene- based adjuvants are well-known and approved in a number of countries for clinical use in influenza vaccines. Our study was devoted to the development of an adjuvant composition on the basis of squalene. The resulting adjuvants were composed in a form of oil emulsion containing a hydrophilic and hydrophobic phase. The stability of the emulsion was achieved by treating it with ultrasound at a frequency of 22 kHz. Particle sizes of the obtained emulsions were examined with the use of an electron microscope. The particle size was calculated to be 50-80 nm for the majority of particles (84%). Adjuvant activity was evaluated in 100 male Balb/C mice, weighing 16-18 g. To assess the humoral immune response, immunization was performed twice, with a 14-day interval, by intramuscular injection of 200 mL per animal. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the surface S protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Delta variant (B.1.617.2)) or ovalbumin (OVA) from chicken eggs were used as antigens. RBD was administered at a dose of 50 mg/animal; OVA was administered at two doses (1 mg or 5 mg/animal). An antigen with aluminum hydroxide was used as a positive control; a saline solution was used as a negative control. The effectiveness of the obtained adjuvants was determined by measuring the titers of specific antibodies in mouse sera in ELISA assays using the recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein or ovalbumin from chicken eggs. It was shown that the use of squalene-based adjuvants increased the antigens’ immunogenicity. The average titers of specific antibodies against RBD in the experimental group were 4 times higher than in the group immunized with RBD adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide. An increase in immunogenicity of the antigen adjuvanted with squalene was also observed in the experimental OVA-group. Thus, it was shown that the developed squalene-based adjuvant compositions could be an alternative to the traditional adjuvants based on aluminum salts

Study of the adjuvant properties of preparations containing recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

The relevance of the search for new vaccine adjuvants is growing along with the increase in the number of current vaccine preparations, especially those developed on the basis of proteins. Some cytokines are known to exert adjuvant properties. The present work is devoted to the study of adjuvant activity of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and constructs based on it. Earlier, we developed a technology for isolation and purification of GM-CSF from the E. coli SG20050/p280_2GM producer strain, as well as a technology for conjugating polyglucin:spermidine complexes with rhGM-CSF. Double-stranded RNA was used to obtain molecular constructs on the basis of rhGM-CSF conjugate. To assemble constructs, the ratio of the components was calculated for one dose of the preparation to contain 5-40 mg of rhGM-CSF and 100 mg of double-stranded RNA. The effectiveness of the formation of molecular constructs was evaluated by dsRNA electrophoretic mobility shift in a 1% agarose gel. The effectiveness of the resulting adjuvants was determined in ELISA assays by measuring the titers of specific antibodies in mouse sera against ovalbumin or recombinant receptor-binding domain of the surface S protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Delta variant (B.1.617.2). The experiments were carried out in 100 male BALB/c mice weighing 16-18 g. Mice were immunized twice, with a 14-day interval, by intramuscular injection of 200 mL per animal. Recombinant receptor-binding domain of the surface protein of SARS-CoV-2 was administered at a dose of 50 mg/animal, ovalbumin – at two doses – 1 mg or 5 mg/animal. Corresponding antigen was used as a positive control, a saline solution – as a negative control. It was shown that the maximum effect was achieved by immunization with a construct based on double-stranded RNA and rhGM-CSF conjugated to polyglucin-spermidine. The use of a conjugate without double-stranded RNA as an adjuvant also improved humoral response. The use of native rhGM-CSF did not increase the titers of specific antibodies. Thus, it was found that rhGM-CSF being a part of a polysaccharide conjugate or a molecular construct exerted an ability to enhance the humoral immune response to protein antigens